Modal Auxiliaries

3. Permission

approval to do something
الاذن: طلب الاذن للقيام بعمل ما


Can, could and may are used to ask for permission.
Examples:
· Can I have some candy?
· Could I switch on the light for me?
· May I use your phone?


There are many ways to answer permissions.
Could I sit here?
Yes, you can.
هذه بعض الأمثلة عن الطرق التي تستعمل لطلب الاذن
Certainly. / Sure. / Of course. / By all means. / No. Please, don't.



4. Advice

suggestions to a person about what he should do
النصيحة


a. Both should and ought to are used to give advice.
Ought to is not common in questions or in negative sentences.
Ought to لا تستعمل في النفي و السؤال
· I should study hard.
· I ought to study, too.


b. Had better is stronger than should or ought to. It is used for urgent advice.
Had better هي في المعنى اقوى من should or ought to و عادة يتضمن معناها التحذير


· You had (You'd) better take the early bus.
Had better refers to the present or the future but never to the past.

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7. Lack of necessity - عدم الضرورة



"Do not have to" is a modal of lack of necessity.
“Do not have to” means that you have a choice. You can do something if you want to do it.
تستعمل Do not have to للكلام عن عدم ضورة القيام بالشيء
أي ان الشخص لديه القدرة على الاختيار اما للقيام بالعمل او لا


· You do not have to do the extra credit.
· You do not have to eat in the cafeteria.


8. Possibility

capability of existing or happening or being true
الامكانية


a. Could, may and might are words that are used to express possible future actions. They mean that the speaker thinks the action is possible, but he or she is not completely certain about it.
تستعمل Could, may and might للحديث عن امكانية حصول الفعل في المستقبل و لكن الشخص عادة لا يكون واثقا تمام الثقة من ان الامر سيحدث.


For example:
· They are sick. This means that the speaker is sure that "they" are sick.
· They could be sick. This means that the speaker isn't positive that "they" could be sick.
· They might be sick. Again, this means that the speaker isn't positive that "they" are sick.
· They may be sick. This means the same as above. The speaker isn't positive that "they" are sick.


b. Use may not or might not to talk about the possibility that something will not happen.
تستعمل , may not and might not للحديث عن صعوبة حصول الفعل في المستقبل


· Alexa looks tired. She might not continue the competition.
· Alexa looks tired. She may not pass her final exam.


a. Could not is used to express strong impossibility.
تستعمل Could not للحديث عن عدم امكانية حصول الشيء في المستقبل. و هي في المعنى اقوى من may not and might not


· He could not have a driving test. He is not eighteen yet.


b. In question forms, use Do you think … or Is it possible … to ask about possibility.
· Do you think it may rain tomorrow?
· Is it possible that he might leave town?


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9. Assumption / logical conclusion

a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn
الافتراضية او التحليل المنطقي


a. Use must or have to to show that we are almost sure that an action is probable to happen.
تستعمل must للدلالة على اننا متأكدين الى حد كبير بأن هذا الامر سيحدث


· Mr. Wilson is the only employee at this shop. It must be a small shop.
· John keeps eating day and night. He has to be overweight.


b. To express negative assumption, use must not.


· These three children must not be all his. He has only two children.



10. Suggestion الاقتراح



shall is used to express suggestions


Shall I carry your bag?
Shall I show you the sitting room?

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